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Reference tables, conversion charts and quick-lookup data sheets.
FlowUtil's Tables & Charts section brings together ready-to-use reference tables, conversion charts, and structured data grids covering engineering, science, health, finance, and everyday life. Each table is designed for quick scanning, accurate values, and easy copying — so you can look up a standard value or comparison in seconds without hunting through textbooks or scattered web pages.
Chemistry-focused element reference: electron shells, valence behaviour, oxidation states and common laboratory constants.
Metric to Imperial conversion factors for length, area, volume, mass, temperature, speed and pressure.
SI base units, derived units, defining constants and non-SI units accepted for use with the SI.
Reference table of working capital and liquidity metrics — working capital, current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio, operating and net working capital, working capital turnover, cash conversion cycle and DSO/DIO/DPO — with formula, what each measures, general interpretation, warning signals and investor use.
ISO metric coarse and fine thread sizes with pitch, pitch diameter, minor diameter and recommended tap drill.
UNC thread sizes from #1 to 2 in with TPI, diameters, stress area and tap drills.
Tap drill sizes for metric, UNC and UNF threads at 75 % engagement, plus 100 % and 65 % thread alternatives.
Fractional, number and letter drill bit sizes with decimal-inch and millimetre equivalents in one reference.
Tightening torque for metric and SAE bolts, dry and lubricated, at 75% of proof load.
Strengths of metric classes, SAE grades, ASTM structural bolts and stainless fasteners.
ISO 286 hole and shaft fit designations with clearance, transition and interference classes plus IT grade tolerance values.
Metric deep groove ball bearing dimensions for the 6000, 6200, 6300, 6800 and 6900 series with bore, OD and width.
NPS and DN sizes with outside diameter, wall thickness and bore for Sch 10S, 40 and 80.
European IPE, HEA and HEB structural steel beam dimensions and section properties.
O-ring sizes by inside diameter and cross-section: common metric stock sizes, the ISO 3601 and AS568 standard cross-sections, how to measure a ring, and material choice.
Strain in decimal, percent and microstrain, with yield strains and true-strain differences.
Density values in kg/m³ and g/cm³ for 80+ metals, plastics, woods, ceramics, liquids and gases.
Mechanical and thermal properties of 40+ engineering materials: UTS, yield strength, elongation, hardness, elastic modulus and thermal conductivity.
Diameter, area and weight of reinforcing bars in four national systems.
US structural steel shapes, how their names work, and which shape suits which load.
Brick sizes, course heights and bricks per area for the US, UK, Europe and Australia.
Nominal and actual lumber sizes with section properties, plus UK and Australian sizes.
Plywood sizes, weights and APA span ratings, and how to read the stamp.
Thickness, weight and type of gypsum board for walls, ceilings, garages and wet rooms.
Cement bags per cubic metre or yard, and how far one bag goes.
Wrench size, corner width and height of every standard metric hex nut to ISO 4032, M1.6 to M64 — and the four sizes where old DIN 934 nuts differ.
Minimum breaking force of 6×19 fibre-core wire rope in inch and mm sizes.
Gland depth, groove width and clearance for static face seals and moving seals.
DIN 6885 key sizes, keyway depths and fits for shafts from 6 to 500 mm.
Through-hole diameters for metric bolts, M1 to M64, in the three ISO 273 series.
Steel plate weight per square metre and per square foot, metric thicknesses from 1 to 100 mm and US plate from 3/16 to 2 in.
Typical heat treatment temperatures for steel — annealing, normalizing, hardening, quenching, tempering, stress relieving and case hardening — with °C and °F ranges, cooling method, purpose and applications.
Typical surface roughness (Ra) ranges by manufacturing process — turning, milling, grinding, honing, lapping, polishing, casting — with µm and µin values, roughness grade, general application and engineering notes.
Shear stress formulas by application — direct shear, average shear, beam shear, bolts, pins, rivets, shafts and torsional shear — with variables, typical units and engineering notes, plus a stress unit conversion reference.
Fatigue strength and endurance-limit terminology, the relationships between fatigue strength, endurance limit, fatigue limit and fatigue life, and the factors that knock down real-component fatigue strength — an educational engineering reference.
Shaft design formula reference, common shaft types, design factors and torque unit conversions — an educational engineering reference for torsion, diameter, polar moment and factor of safety.
Carbon equivalent formulas (IIW CE and PCM), factors affecting steel weldability, and common welding terminology — an educational reference for steel weldability assessment.
Reference tables for friction — the F = μN formula family, typical coefficients of friction for common material pairs (static and kinetic), and a static vs kinetic friction comparison.
Conversion tables for dynamic and kinematic viscosity, with typical fluid values.
Reference tables for specific gravity and density — the SG formulas, density unit conversions (kg/m³, g/cm³, g/mL, kg/L, lb/ft³, lb/in³), and representative specific gravity values for common liquids, solids and gases with stated conditions.
Design tip speed ratios and peak power coefficients for the main wind rotor types.
Editor picks — the tools people in this category use most.
Chemistry-focused element reference: electron shells, valence behaviour, oxidation states and common laboratory constants.
Metric to Imperial conversion factors for length, area, volume, mass, temperature, speed and pressure.
The newest tools shipped to this category.
Short guides to the ideas behind these tools.
Reference tables are one of the oldest and most reliable tools in engineering and science — they compress thousands of verified data points into a scannable format that lets you locate a value in seconds rather than recalculating it from scratch each time. A materials engineer reaching for a tensile-strength table, a chemist checking a solubility chart, or a nurse consulting a medication dosage table are all using the same underlying concept: a pre-computed grid of trusted values that eliminates repeated lookup effort and reduces the chance of calculation error. Good tables are more than lists — they include units, conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration), and source standards so you know exactly what each number represents and when it applies. Digital tables add a further advantage: instant search and filtering let you jump to the row you need in a large dataset without scrolling. FlowUtil's Tables & Charts section is built on these principles, presenting well-sourced, clearly labelled reference data that you can trust for professional and educational use.
A chart communicates the relationship between two or more variables visually, while a data grid presents the same information as rows and columns of numbers — each format serves a different cognitive need. Charts are fastest for spotting trends, outliers, and relative magnitudes; grids are fastest for looking up a precise value at a specific intersection of conditions. When reading a data grid, always identify the row and column headers first so you understand what each axis represents and what units are in play. Many tables contain multiple sub-tables or sections separated by a change in one controlling variable (like temperature or material grade), so confirm which section applies to your situation before reading off a value. Significant figures matter: a value listed as 7.85 g/cm³ carries a different implied precision than 7.8500 g/cm³, and using more decimal places than the source data supports can give a false sense of accuracy. For engineering work, always trace a table value back to its source standard (ISO, ASTM, DIN, etc.) when the result will be used in a design calculation, since values from different standards can differ slightly due to testing method variations.
Reference data is only as useful as the clarity of its units — a density value in g/cm³ and one in kg/m³ differ by a factor of 1,000, and mixing them without conversion is a common source of costly errors. Most engineering reference tables today provide values in both SI (metric) and Imperial (US customary) units precisely because global projects involve teams working in different unit systems. Standards bodies such as ISO, ASTM, ASME, DIN, and BS publish the authoritative versions of many reference tables; when a value is sourced from one of these, it carries the weight of peer-reviewed, internationally recognized testing. Interoperability between tables — for example, combining a material property table with a dimensional standard table and a tolerance chart — is a daily task in mechanical design. FlowUtil's Tables & Charts are organized and labelled so that the unit system and source context are always visible, reducing the risk of unit mismatches when you use values from multiple tables in the same calculation.